IP V4 addressing:
- IP addressing is procedure to calculate unique
identification numbers that help you to identify any machine in the network in
other words we can say ip addressing is a combination of host bit and network
bit . Network bit indicate like a zip code (to identify any type of network)
and host bit indicate like a street or home ( to identify any host).
Types of IP
addressing:
Class
full ip addressing: This addressing divides an ip address in to
network and host portion along octet boundaries. Means ip addressing with
standard subnet mask.
Class
Less IP addressing: In this ip addressing there is no octet
boundaries like class full it can fall between different network and host
portion between 0 and 31 bit .
Means ip addressing without standard subnet mask in other
words we can say subnetting
Types of class full ip
address:
Class
|
Range
|
Network
|
Total No of Network
|
Total No of Host per Network
|
A
|
0 to
127
|
Total
Network:
0.0.0.0
To 127.255.255.255
Valid
Network Range:
1.0.0.0
To 126.255.255.255
Useful
Valid Network Range:
1.0.0.1
To 126.255.255.254
Loopback
Address Range:
127.0.0.0
To 127.255.255.255
Useful
Loopback Range:
127.0.0.1
To 127.255.255.254
Reserved for local
identification
0.0.0.1 To
0.255.255.254
|
Valid
Network = 27
-2= 126
(27=128-2=126)
|
Total
Host :
224 =16777216
Valid
Host:
16777216-2
=16777214 (Minus two ip are First ip of network is subnet zero
last ip of network is broadcast ip)
|
B
|
128
to 191
|
Total
Valid Network:
128.0.0.0
To 191.255.255.255
Useful
Network Range:
128.0.0.1
To 191.255.255.254
|
Valid
Network =
214 =
16,384
|
Total
Host :
216 =65536
Valid
Host:
65536-2
=65534 (Minus two ip are First ip of network is subnet zero
last ip of network is broadcast ip)
|
C
|
192
to 223
|
Total
Valid Network:
192.0.0.0
To 223.255.255.255
Useful
Network Range:
192.0.0.1
To 223.255.255.254
|
Valid
Network =
221 =
2,097,152
|
Total
Host :
28 =256
Valid
Host:
256-2
=254
(Minus
two ip are First ip of network is
subnet zero last ip of network is broadcast ip)
|
D
|
224
to 239
|
Total
Valid Network:
224.0.0.0
To 239.255.255.255
Useful
Network Range:
224.0.0.1
To 239.255.255.254
|
28 multicast address bits
|
|
E
|
240
to 255
|
Total
Valid Network:
240.0.0.0
To 255.255.255.254
|
28 reserved address bits Reserved for experimental use
|
CLASS A Definition: Address
range is 0 to 127
NETWORK 8 BIT
|
HOST
8 BIT
|
HOST
8 BIT
|
HOST
8 BIT
|
To
know why class a address range is 0 to 127: In class A always First
bit is OFF In network octet as below describe:
0 OFF BIT
1 ON BIT
1 2 3 4
5 6 7
8
128 64 32
16 8 4
2 1
0 1
1 1
1 1 1
1
27
+ 26 + 25 +
24 + 23 + 22
+ 21 + 20 = 255-128 = 127
NETWORK 8 BIT
|
HOST
8 BIT
|
HOST
8 BIT
|
HOST
8 BIT
|
0nnnnnnn
hhhhhhhh hhhhhhhh hhhhhhhh
Always first bit
is off in class a network octec and off bit is not countable so balance network
bit are 7; host bits are 24
21 22 23 24 25 26 27
2 4 8
16 32 64
128
27=128 total no. of network
Total
no. of network in class A: 27=128
(2*2*2*2*2*2*2)
Total no of network range: 0.0.0.0 To 127.255.255.255
Valid Network = 27-2= 126 (27=128-2=126)
Valid Network Range: 1.0.0.0 To 126.255.255.255
Useful Valid Network Range: 1.0.0.1 To 126.255.255.254
You will notice that 2 has been subtracted for valid
network. This is because two of the class A network IDs 0 and 127 are reserved.
0.0.0.0/8
reserved for - Local Identification
127.0.0.0/8
reserved for - Loopback
Loop back: Class a contain loop back address it is use for testing the transmission or transportation in infrastructure. Loopback ip use for testing purpose to TCP/IP stack (services) are success fully installed or not.
Loopback Address Range: 127.0.0.0 To 127.255.255.255
Useful Loopback Range: 127.0.0.1 To 127.255.255.254
Total Host per Network = 224-2 =16777214
Here we have Minus two ip are First ip is 1.0.0.0 it’s
called subnet zero and last ip is
127.255.255.255 its broadcast ip
21 22 23 24 25 26 27
28 29 210 211 212 213 214
- - - 224
2 4 8
16 32 64 128 256
512 1024 2048
4096 8192 16384 - - -16777216
/8 network 0.0.0.0 is reserved for use as the default
route
CLASS
A PRIVATE IP ADDRESS:
Ip range: 10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.254
No. of address : 255 16,777,216
Subnet mask: 10.0.0.0/8 (255.0.0.0)
Host id size : 24 bits
Addressing
procedure:
1.0.0.0
1.0.0.1
!
!
1.0.0.255
1.0.1.0
1.0.1.1
!
!
1.0.255.255
1.1.0.0
1.1.0.1
!
!
1.255.255.255
2.0.0.0
2.0.0.1
!
!
127.255.255.255
CLASS B Definition: Address
range is 128 to 191
NETWORK 8 BIT
|
NETWORK 8 BIT
|
HOST
8 BIT
|
HOST
8 BIT
|
To
know why class b address range is 128 to 191: In class b always
second bit is OFF In each network octet as below describe:
0 OFF BIT
1 ON BIT
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8
128 64 32
16 8 4
2 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
1 1
27 + 26
+ 25 + 24 + 23 + 22 + 21
+ 20 = 255-64 = 191
NETWORK 8 BIT
|
NETWORK 8 BIT
|
HOST
8 BIT
|
HOST
8 BIT
|
n0nnnnnn n0nnnnnn
hhhhhhhh hhhhhhhh
Always second
bit is off in class b network octet and off bit is not countable so balance
network bit are 14; host bits are 16
21 22 23 24 25 26 27
28 29 210 211 212 213 214
2 4 8
16 32 64 128 256
512 1024 2048
4096 8192 16384
214=16384 total no. of network
Total
no of network in class B: 214=16384
(128 to 191)
Total Valid Network: 128.0.0.0 To 191.255.255.255
Useful Network Range: 128.0.0.1 To 191.255.255.254
Total Host per Network = 216-2 =65536
Here we have Minus two ip are First ip is 128.0.0.0 it’s
called subnet zero and last ip is
191.255.255.255 its broadcast ip
21 22 23 24 25 26 27
28 29 210 211 212 213 214
- - - 216
2 4 8
16 32 64 128 256
512 1024 2048
4096 8192 16384 - - -65536
CLASS B PRIVATE IP ADDRESS:
Ip range: 172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255.
No. of address : 1,048,576
Subnet mask: 172.16.0.0/12 (255.240.0.0)
Host id size : 20 bits
Addressing procedure:
128.0.0.0
128.0.0.1
!
!
128.0.0.255
128.0.1.0
128.0.1.1
!
!
128.0.255.255
128.1.0.0
128.1.0.1
!
!
128.255.255.255
129.0.0.0
129.0.0.1
!
!
191.255.255.255
CLASS C Definition: Address
range is 192 to 223
NETWORK 8 BIT
|
NETWORK 8 BIT
|
NETWORK 8 BIT
|
HOST
8 BIT
|
To
know why class c address range is 192 to 223: In class c always
third bit is OFF in each Network octet as below describe:
0 OFF BIT
1 ON BIT
1 2 3 4 5
6 7 8
128 64 32 16 8
4 2 1
0 1 1 1 1
1 1 1
27 + 26 + 25 +
24 + 23 + 22
+ 21 + 20 = 255-32 = 223
NETWORK 8 BIT
|
NETWORK 8 BIT
|
NETWORK 8 BIT
|
HOST
8 BIT
|
nn0nnnnn nn0nnnnn nn0nnnnn hhhhhhhh
Always third bit
is off in class c network octet and off bit is not countable so balance network
bit are 21; host bits are 8
21 22 23 24 25 26 27
28 29 210 211 212 213 - -
- - 221
2 4 8
16 32 64 128 256
512 1024 2048
4096 8192 - - -
- -2,097,152
221=2097152 total no of network
Total no of network in class C: 221=2097152 (192 to 223)
Total Valid Network: 192.0.0.0 To 223.255.255.255
Useful Network Range: 192.0.0.1 To 223.255.255.254
Total Host per Network = 28-2 =254
Here we have Minus two ip are First ip is 192.0.0.0 it’s
called subnet zero and last ip is
223.255.255.255 its broadcast ip
21 22 23 24 25 26 27
28
2 4 8
16 32 64 128 256
CLASS C PRIVATE IP ADDRESS:
Ip range: 192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255
No. of address : 65,536
Subnet mask: 192.168.0.0/16 (255.255.0.0)
Host id size : 16 bits
Addressing procedure:
192.0.0.0
192.0.0.1
!
!
192.0.0.255
192.0.1.0
192.0.1.1
!
!
192.0.255.255
192.1.0.0
192.1.0.1
!
!
192.255.255.255
193.0.0.0
193.0.0.1
!
!
223.255.255.255
CLASS d Definition: Class
D is use for multicast purpose First four bits are off ; 28 multicast address
bits. Multicast is useful in certain circumstances, however, especially as a
more efficient alternative to broadcasting. The “classful” IP addressing scheme
sets aside a full one-sixteenth of the address space for multicast addresses:
Class D. Multicast addresses are identified
by the pattern “1110” in the first four bits, which corresponds
to a first octet of 224 to 239. So, the full range of multicast addresses is
from 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255. Since multicast addresses represent a group
of IP devices (sometimes called a host group) they can only be
used as the destination of a datagram; never the source. The 28 bits after the leading “1110” in the IP address define the multicast group address. The
size of the Class D multicast address space is therefore 228 or 268,435,456 multicast groups. There
is no substructure that defines the use of these 28 bits; there is no specific
concept of a network ID and host ID as in classes A, B and C. However, certain
portions of the address space are set aside for specific uses.
Range
Start Address
|
Range
End Address
|
Description
|
224.0.0.0
|
224.0.0.255
|
Reserved
for special “well-known” multicast addresses.
|
224.0.1.0
|
238.255.255.255
|
Globally-scoped
(Internet-wide) multicast addresses.
|
239.0.0.0
|
239.255.255.255
|
Administratively-scoped
(local) multicast addresses.
|
Note: As with the other IP address classes, the entire 32 bits
of the address is always used; we are just only interested in the
least-significant 28 bits because the upper four bits never change.
|
IP
multicast protocols
§ Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM)
§ Multicast Open Shortest Path
First (MOSPF)
CLASS D Definition: Address
range is 224 to 239
8 BIT
|
8 BIT
|
8 BIT
|
8 BIT
|
In class d no host bit and no network
bit total bits of ip address 28 bits are reserved in class d first four bits
are OFF as below describe:
0000nnnn nnnnnnnn
nnnnnnnn nnnnnnnn
In
class d total no of network=228
21 22 23 24 25 26 27
28 29 210 211 212 213 - -
- - 228
2
4 8 16
32 64 128 256 512
1024 2048 4096
8192 - - - - -------
Class D have no subnet mask
CLASS E Definition: Class
E Reserved for experimental use
First four bits are off and 28 reserved address bits
Class E have no subnet mask
Class E address range are
240.0.0.0
|
255.255.255.255
|
Address range is 240 to 255
8 BIT
|
8 BIT
|
8 BIT
|
8 BIT
|
In class d no host bit and no network
bit total bits of ip address 28 bits are reserved in class d first four bits
are OFF as below describe:
0000nnnn
nnnnnnnn nnnnnnnn nnnnnnnn
In
class d total no of network=228
21 22 23 24 25 26 27
28 29 210 211 212 213 - -
- - 228
2
4 8 16
32 64 128 256 512
1024 2048 4096
8192 - - - - -------
Classless IP Addressing:
Classless
addressing system is also known as CIDR(Classless Inter-Domain
Routing).Classless addressing is a way to allocate and specify the Internet
addresses used in inter-domain routing more flexibly than with the original
system of Internet Protocol (IP)
address classes. Classful addressing divides an IP
address into
the Network and Host portions along octet boundaries. Classless addressing uses
a variable number of bits for the network and host portions of the
address. Classless addressing treats the IP
address as
a 32 bit stream of ones and zeroes, where the boundary between network and
host portions can fall anywhere between bit 0 and bit 31. Classless routing protocols do send the subnet
mask with their updates.
Thus,
Variable Length Subnet Masks (VLSMs) are allowed when using
classless
routing protocols.
Examples
of classful routing protocols include RIPv1 and IGRP.
Examples
of classless routing protocols include RIPv2, EIGRP, OSPF, and
IS-IS. Classless IP address
divides in two parts: Subnetting and
Supernetting
IP V4 SUBNETTING: Subnetting is a
logical procedure of the dividing large
no of network into smaller segment.
The two types of subnetting are:
- Static length subnet mask(fixed-length
subnet mask (FLSM))
- Variable length subnet mask (VLSM)
Static Length' subnetting
If all the subnetworks in a single network use the same subnet mask, it is called as 'Static Length' subnetting.
If all the subnetworks in a single network use the same subnet mask, it is called as 'Static Length' subnetting.
In FLSM If address starts with 195.3.2.1/26, then whole network
will belong to same subnetmask
and we can't assign as another subnet like 197.22.75.96/28
and we can't assign as another subnet like 197.22.75.96/28
Variable
Lenght Subnet Mask (VLSM)
Variable Length Subnet Masking - VLSM - is a technique
that allows network administrators to divide an IP address into different subnets
sizes, unlike simple same-size Subnetting (FLSM).
The VLSM diagram below:
Supernetting:
Supernetting is the process of combining several IP networks with a common network prefix which have a common Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) routing prefix. Suppernetting is also called route aggregation or route summarization.
Supernetting was introduced as a solution to the problem of increasing size in routing tables. Supernetting also simplifies the routing process. For example, the subnetworks 192.60.2.0/24 and 192.60.3.0/24 can be combined in to the supernetwork denoted by 192.60.2.0/23. In the supernet, the first 23 bits are the network part of the address and the other 9 bits are used as the host identifier. So, one address will represent several small networks and this would reduce the number of entries that should be included in the routing table. Typically, supernetting is used for class C IP addresses (addresses beginning with 192 to 223 in decimal), and most of the routing protocols support supernetting. Examples of such protocols are Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) and Open Shortest Path First (OSPF). But, protocols such as Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) and the Routing Information Protocol (RIP) do not support supernetting.
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